offense: applies to the infraction of any law, rule, or code: at that school no ~ went unpunished.  （code行为准则规范 refers to rules of behaviour，如a strict code of conduct严格的行为准则，如the code of conduct in the S.C.S南海行为准则）   也写作offence，有2个意思，1违法 2冒犯


sin: implies an offence against moral or religious law OR an offense of any sort that is felt to be highly reprehensible: the ~ of blasphemy.   (reprehend严厉谴责implies both criticism and severe rebuke，如reprehended the self-centeredness of today’s students严厉谴责现今学生以自我为中心)


vice: applies a habit or practice that degrades or corrupts: gambling was traditionally the gentlemen’s ~.  （corrupt腐败stresses a loss of moral integrity or probity causing betrayal of principle or sworn obligations强调丧失正直品德，背叛诺言原则，如the city hall was filled with corrupt politicians市政厅充斥着腐败政客）


crime: implies serious offense punishable by the law of the state: the ~ of murder.   严重违法构成犯罪


scandal: applies to an offense that outrages the public conscience or damages the integrity of an organization or group: the affair was a public ~.   （outrageous令人无法容忍的，字面意思是exceeding the limits of what is right or decent or bearable or tolerable，如outrageous terrorist acts against civilians恐怖分子针对平民的行径令人无法容忍）


offense犯错或违法或犯罪: 泛指违反任何法律规则准则的行为，sin罪恶: 指违反道德或宗教法，或其它应严厉谴责的行为，vice恶习: 使人腐败降格的习惯行为，crime犯罪: 指严重违法，应受法律惩罚的行为，scandal丑闻: 指令公众无法容忍，有损诚实正直声誉的行为


记忆方法: 1）首字母OSVCS中CV想成Common Value通常价值，SOS是求救<==违法

         2）违法的意思是违反法律习俗mean a transgression of law or custom.